A. Major Points and Concepts
Energy
-Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat. There are two types of energy.
-Potential energy is stored energy and kinetic energy is motion energy.
-Energy and matter is what the universe is composed of.
-There are three types of potential energy, which are chemical, gravitational, and elastic.
-The three sources that we consume and get energy from are carbohydrates, lipids, and protein.
Law of conservation of Energy
-The law of conservation of energy is that energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed.
-The energy of the universe is constant.
Work
-Work is force acting over a distance.
-The formula for work is work=force x distance.
Temperature and Heat
-Temperature is a me sure of the random motions of the components of a substance.
-Heat is the flow of energy due to a temperature difference. Temperature is the measure of kinetic energy.
-High to low heat is natural and low to high heat requires energy.
Exothermic and Endothermic
-Exothermic process is when the energy flows out of the system and an endothermic process is when the energy flows into the system.
-The energy gained by the surroundings must be equal to the energy lost by the system.
Thermodynamics
-Thermodynamics is the study of energy.
-The 1st law of thermodynamics is energy of the universe is constant.
-Energy is the speed up or slow down in a reaction in thermodynamics.
Measuring energy
-When measuring energy the SI unit is Joules but you can also use calories.
-1 cal=4.184J.
-A calories is the amount of energy, heat, required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one Celsius degree.
-The formula for measuring energy is Q=mc∆T.
-The Q means heat flow, the m means mass, the c means specific heat, and the ∆T means temperature final-temperature initial and the change in temperature.
-The other formula is Q=mc(Tf-Ti).
-The amount of energy required to change the temperature of one frame of a substance by one Celsius degree is called specific heat capacity, heat capacity, or specific heat.
-The unit for Q is joules, for m is grams, for c is joules/grams degree celsius, and for (Tf-Ti) is degree celsius.
Heat capacity, Conductor, and Insulator
-Heat capacity is the ability to store energy.
-The conductor is the low specific heat, and the insulator is the high specific heat.
-EnthalpyEnthalpy is an addition to stoichiometry.
-When ∆H for enthalpy is negative it has an exothermic process and when ∆H for enthalpy is positive it has an endothermic process or added heat.
-Hess's LawHess's Law is going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
-Hess's law is the sum of ∆H of the individual equations is equal to the ∆H of the overall equation.
Entropy
-Entropy is when the measuring disorder increases.
-It is represented by ∆S. When it is high to low the energy is spreading.
-Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat. There are two types of energy.
-Potential energy is stored energy and kinetic energy is motion energy.
-Energy and matter is what the universe is composed of.
-There are three types of potential energy, which are chemical, gravitational, and elastic.
-The three sources that we consume and get energy from are carbohydrates, lipids, and protein.
Law of conservation of Energy
-The law of conservation of energy is that energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed.
-The energy of the universe is constant.
Work
-Work is force acting over a distance.
-The formula for work is work=force x distance.
Temperature and Heat
-Temperature is a me sure of the random motions of the components of a substance.
-Heat is the flow of energy due to a temperature difference. Temperature is the measure of kinetic energy.
-High to low heat is natural and low to high heat requires energy.
Exothermic and Endothermic
-Exothermic process is when the energy flows out of the system and an endothermic process is when the energy flows into the system.
-The energy gained by the surroundings must be equal to the energy lost by the system.
Thermodynamics
-Thermodynamics is the study of energy.
-The 1st law of thermodynamics is energy of the universe is constant.
-Energy is the speed up or slow down in a reaction in thermodynamics.
Measuring energy
-When measuring energy the SI unit is Joules but you can also use calories.
-1 cal=4.184J.
-A calories is the amount of energy, heat, required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one Celsius degree.
-The formula for measuring energy is Q=mc∆T.
-The Q means heat flow, the m means mass, the c means specific heat, and the ∆T means temperature final-temperature initial and the change in temperature.
-The other formula is Q=mc(Tf-Ti).
-The amount of energy required to change the temperature of one frame of a substance by one Celsius degree is called specific heat capacity, heat capacity, or specific heat.
-The unit for Q is joules, for m is grams, for c is joules/grams degree celsius, and for (Tf-Ti) is degree celsius.
Heat capacity, Conductor, and Insulator
-Heat capacity is the ability to store energy.
-The conductor is the low specific heat, and the insulator is the high specific heat.
-EnthalpyEnthalpy is an addition to stoichiometry.
-When ∆H for enthalpy is negative it has an exothermic process and when ∆H for enthalpy is positive it has an endothermic process or added heat.
-Hess's LawHess's Law is going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
-Hess's law is the sum of ∆H of the individual equations is equal to the ∆H of the overall equation.
Entropy
-Entropy is when the measuring disorder increases.
-It is represented by ∆S. When it is high to low the energy is spreading.